Not only did God not base his election on foreseen faith and obedience; he made this choice in the full knowledge of Israel’s disobedience. It will be widely admitted that God chose Israel as his special nation, but does this mean that he also chose who would be saved before the creation of the world? And does not such a view mean that the church displaces Israel? We are not the first to ask that question. In fact, it was evidently a big question among the early Jewish Christians. Had God failed